Today is China's twenty-third "Iodine deficiency prevention and control day", and the propaganda theme is "adhere to scientific iodine supplementation and build a healthy China." Iodine is an indispensable micronutrient for human metabolism and growth. Iodine deficiency can cause varying degrees of damage, resulting in iodine deficiency disorders and even disability.
Qingdao Iodine Salt Coverage 95.68%
The Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention closely monitors the consumption of iodized salt and residents' iodine nutrition status in our city every year. Monitoring data for 2015 showed that the iodized salt coverage rate of the city's residents was 95.68%, the qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 97.69%, the median urinary iodine content of children aged 8-10 years was 188.1 μg/L, and the median urinary iodine content of pregnant women was 145.3 μg. /L, The median urinary iodine content in lactating women was 114.85 μg/L, and the median adult urinary iodine content was 128.0 μg/L. These results show that the overall status of Qingdao residents' iodine intake is appropriate, but the iodine nutrition of pregnant women and lactating mothers has been declining year by year and is at a relatively low level of appropriate values.
Qingdao's external environment iodine deficiency area
Although Qingdao is located in the coastal area, historical data and related survey results show that the city is a iodine-deficient area (the median water iodine content is 7.35μg/L). Therefore, over the years, our city has been implementing the salt iodine elimination policy to eliminate iodine deficiency hazards, implementing the “prevention measures for local conditions, classification guidelines, and scientific iodine supplementation” and implementing the “national salt iodization” prevention and control measures. The amount of iodized salt is 25 Mg/kg±30%.
Adherence to iodized salt is the easiest, safest, and most effective way to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, and it is essential to achieve continuous elimination of iodine deficiency disorders. Therefore, for a period of time to come, Qingdao will continue to strengthen the monitoring and prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, master the dynamic changes in residents' iodine nutrition, and implement scientific measures for iodine supplementation.
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1. What is iodine deficiency disease?
A: Iodine deficiency disease is the general term for a group of diseases that are manifested in the body's iodine malnutrition caused by an iodine deficiency in the natural environment. It mainly affects the brain development of infants and young children and affects the quality of the population, including endemic goiter, cretinism (with dementia, dwarfism, deafness, dumbness, and delirium as the main clinical features) and subclinical disease (mainly mental retardation as the main clinical Features), simple deafness, fetal miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital malformations. It is essentially a malnutrition of micronutrients, and it is listed in the three major micronutrient malnutrition diseases that the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund and other international organizations have focused on prevention and eradication within a time limit, with vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Iodine deficiency disease mainly occurs in the specific geographical environment of iodine deficiency, has obvious locality, and is listed as one of the key endemic diseases in China. Due to the widespread distribution of iodine deficiency areas in China, the large number of victims and serious damage, it has risen from a single disease problem to a serious public health problem, and has become one of the major diseases that the whole society is concerned about and the national deadline is eliminated.
2. Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human metabolism and growth
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for metabolism and growth, and it is the main raw material for human thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid hormone participates in the body's metabolism, maintaining the normal function of all organs and promoting the growth of the human body, especially the brain.
The child's brain development begins with the mother's pregnancy. Pregnancy and infants (1-3 years of age) are critical periods in your child's brain development. If the child lacks iodine in the fetal period and infancy, it will affect the normal development of the brain, causing severe cretinism, deaf-muteness, and intellectual impairment.
The iodine needed by the fetus is all from the mother. Therefore, inadequate iodine nutrition in pregnant women can cause fetal iodine deficiency. If iodine deficiency is severe during pregnancy, miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital malformations can occur.
The demand for iodine in pregnant and lactating women is significantly greater than that of the general population, and it is necessary to supplement the appropriate amount of iodine in time.
Adults who lack iodine may cause hypothyroidism, fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced work efficiency.
3. There is no direct evidence that consumption of iodized salt or increased iodine intake is associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
In recent years, irrespective of whether or not iodine intake measures have been adopted by major countries in the world, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased regardless of whether iodine intake has increased, stabilized, or decreased, and the predominance of small cancers with a diameter of less than 1.0 cm has mainly been increased.
A significant proportion of thyroid microcarcinomas are characterized by inert progression, low malignancy, and good prognosis. Patients should follow the clinician's request for proper treatment or follow-up observations.
The prevalence of thyroid microcarcinoma in the population is high, it is occult, and it is difficult to be discovered. It may accompany for life. According to autopsy reports from many developed countries, the prevalence of undiscovered thyroid cancer is as high as 5.6% to 35.6%, of which microcancer accounts for 67%.
Some studies suggest that the current increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer is attributable in part to thyroid disease screening and is associated with overdiagnosis of occult or microcarcinomas resulting from the widespread use of high-resolution B-mode ultrasound.
4. Consumption of iodized salt is the easiest, safe and effective way to prevent iodine deficiency disorders
Iodine deficiency disease is the general term for a series of diseases that occur due to lack of iodine in the external environment and cause insufficient intake of iodine in the human body. Before the elimination of iodine deficiency in China in 2000, 5-15% of children in iodine-deficient areas had mild mental retardation (50-69 points for IQ), and 6.6 persons suffered from local cretinism (dumbness). Affect the quality of the local population.
Iodine deficiency is preventable. The easiest, safest and most effective way to prevent it is to eat iodized salt.
Almost all of China's external environment (water, soil, etc.) are iodine-deficient, especially in mountainous areas, hills, river valleys, desertification areas, and river erosion areas. The status quo of iodine deficiency in the external environment is difficult to change. If iodine supplementation is stopped, iodine stored in the human body can last for up to 3 months. Therefore, iodized salt should be persistently consumed.
Since 2000, various types of monitoring or surveys completed in China (iodine deficiency monitoring, iodized salt monitoring, high-water iodine area survey, and high-risk area survey) have shown that population iodine nutrition is generally in an appropriate range.
5. What are the measures for iodine supplementation?
A: Iodine, iodine, and iodine-rich foods are the main measures for replenishing iodine. The main measure for preventing and controlling iodine deficiency disorders in China is to popularize iodized salt. In addition, iodized oil or iodine tablets may be used as an alternative or supplemental measure in areas with inconvenient traffic, scattered living areas, severe non-iodized salt impact, and salt iodization measures that have not yet been effectively implemented. The main targets of application are newly-married women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and lactation. For women, infants and children, this measure needs to be used under the guidance of a doctor; it can also be supplemented with iodine-rich foods such as kelp, seaweed and shellfish.
6. People in the coastal areas consume more seafood. Why do they need to eat iodized salt?
A: In 2009, the Ministry of Health conducted surveys on the dietary iodine intake of coastal residents in four provinces (cities) including Fujian, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Liaoning. The results showed that foods rich in iodine, such as kelp, seaweed, and marine fish, were found in coastal areas. Consumption frequency and consumption are not high, and residents’ dietary iodine intake comes from a relatively low proportion of such foods. In the coastal areas without considering the loss of cooking, 84.2% of the iodine in the diet was from iodized salt, and only 13.1% of iodine from all kinds of food (including 2.1% of kelp, seaweed and marine fish) came from drinking. Iodine in water accounts for 2.7%. If no iodized salt is eaten, more than 97% of the residents have lower iodine intake than the recommended intake, and the risk of iodine deficiency is high. Therefore, residents in coastal areas also need to popularize iodized salt to ensure residents' iodine intake and further reduce the risk of iodine deficiency.
7. Who should not eat iodized salt?
A: A small number of patients with hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroid diseases may not eat or eat iodized salt because of treatment needs. Residents living in high iodine areas have received higher doses of iodine daily from food and drinking water. This group of people is also not suitable for eating iodized salt.
